The technological singularity is a hypothetical point in the future when technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, leading to unfathomable changes in human civilization. The singularity is often linked to the creation of superintelligent AI—machines that can perform intellectual tasks far better than the best human brains in every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom, and social skills.

The "Big Four" are the four largest accounting firms consisting of Deloitte, EY, KPMG and PwC. They conduct bookkeeping, auditing and tax planning for their client companies such that they comply with both accounting and legal standards. Currently the Big Four account for the audits of 99% of the companies in the FTSE 100 Index, and 96% of the companies in the FTSE 250 Index.

Nudge theory is a concept that attempts to create an environment where people are influenced to act a certain way. (E.g. automatic registration of people into pension schemes unless they explicitly opt out; putting candy bars at the check-out counters of grocery stores, etc.)

The industrialization of science refers to the phenomenon of many scientists working and conducting research in the private sector rather than in academia.

Medical ethics bounds scientists with strict guidelines regarding human experimentation including but not limited to: (1) acting in the best interest of the patients, (2) doing no harm to the patients and (3) ensuring that the risks of the side effects on the patients are far outweighed by the benefits.